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Vascular medicine : a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease
اطلاعات کتابشناختی
Vascular medicine : a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease
Author :
Publisher :
Elsevier,
Pub. Year :
2020
Subjects :
Vascular Diseases -- diagnosis. Vascular Diseases -- therapy.
Call Number :
WG 505 V331 2020
جستجو در محتوا
ترتيب
شماره صفحه
امتياز صفحه
فهرست مطالب
Instructions for online access
(3454)
Title page
(2)
Table of Contents
(5)
Copyright
(37)
Dedication
(40)
Contributors
(42)
Foreword
(54)
Preface
(57)
Acknowledgments
(61)
Series page
(62)
Part I: Biology of Blood Vessels
(66)
1: Vascular Embryology and Angiogenesis
(67)
Abstract
(69)
Tunica intima: endothelium
(72)
Tunica media: smooth muscle and extracellular matrix
(86)
Tunica adventitia
(100)
Summary
(103)
2: The Endothelium
(121)
Abstract
(123)
Homeostatic functions of the endothelium
(125)
Endothelial heterogeneity
(141)
Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease
(144)
Functional assessment of the endothelium
(148)
Conclusions
(152)
3: Vascular Smooth Muscle
(172)
Abstract
(174)
Origins of vascular smooth muscle cells during embryonic development
(177)
Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation
(180)
Influence of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions
(208)
Phenotype-specific vascular smooth muscle cell functions
(217)
Inflammation and inflammation-related processes
(232)
Senescence and aging
(239)
Conclusions
(244)
4: Normal Mechanisms of Vascular Hemostasis
(277)
Abstract
(279)
Endothelial function and platelet activation
(280)
The coagulation cascade leading to fibrin formation
(283)
Fibrinolysis
(288)
Summary
(292)
5: Vascular Pharmacology
(298)
Abstract
(300)
The pharmacological framework of drug action
(302)
Therapeutic intervention and the endothelium
(307)
Therapeutic intervention and the autonomic vascular innervation
(334)
Therapeutic intervention and the vascular media
(348)
Part II: Pathobiology of Blood Vessels
(375)
6: Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis
(376)
Abstract
(378)
Risk factors for atherosclerosis: traditional, emerging, and on the rise
(380)
The diversity of atherosclerosis
(395)
Atherosclerosis: a systemic disease
(414)
7: Pathobiology of Aortic Aneurysms
(430)
Abstract
(432)
Degradation of the medial extracellular matrix
(438)
Smooth muscle dysregulation
(440)
Inflammation and oxidative stress
(441)
Biomechanical stress
(443)
Risk factors and genetics of aortic aneurysms
(445)
Epigenetics/micrornas in aortic aneurysms
(448)
Conclusion
(450)
8: Pathobiology of Thrombosis
(457)
Abstract
(459)
Overview of thrombosis
(460)
Platelets, thrombosis, and vascular disease
(463)
Inflammation and thrombosis
(472)
9: Pathobiology and Assessment of Cardiovascular Fibrosis
(481)
ABSTRACT
(483)
Overview of collagen
(486)
Collagen structure, properties, and relevance to human biology
(489)
Regulation of collagen synthesis
(490)
Regulation of collagen metabolism
(494)
Fibrosis in clinical cardiovascular disease
(495)
Myocardial fibrosis in specific cardiovascular conditions
(499)
Biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis
(502)
Targeting myocardial fibrosis
(503)
Vascular fibrosis in systemic hypertension
(504)
Vascular fibrosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension
(506)
Conclusions
(508)
10: Pathobiology of Vasculitis
(516)
Abstract
(518)
Large-vessel vasculitis
(520)
Small-vessel vasculitis
(526)
Medium-vessel vasculitis
(531)
Summary
(533)
Part III: Principles of Vascular Examination
(537)
11: The History and Physical Examination
(538)
Abstract
(540)
Vascular history
(541)
Vascular examination
(550)
12: Vascular Laboratory Testing
(573)
Abstract
(575)
Limb pressure measurement and pulse volume recordings
(576)
Transcutaneous oximetry
(583)
Physical principles of ultrasonography
(584)
Carotid duplex ultrasound
(592)
Abdominal aorta evaluation
(605)
Renal artery duplex ultrasonography
(610)
Peripheral arterial ultrasonography
(613)
Pseudoaneurysm
(621)
Arteriovenous fistulae
(624)
Venous duplex ultrasound
(626)
Plethysmographic evaluation of venous reflux
(635)
Vascular laboratory accreditation
(636)
13: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(642)
Abstract
(644)
Acknowledgment
(645)
Basic principles
(647)
Magnetic resonance angiography techniques
(649)
14: Computed Tomographic Angiography
(691)
Abstract
(693)
Fundamentals of computed tomography imaging
(695)
Radiation exposure and radiation dose reduction
(701)
Emerging technologies in computed tomography
(705)
Artifacts and pitfalls of computed tomographic angiography
(707)
Clinical applications of computed tomographic angiography in vascular disease
(708)
15: Catheter-Based Peripheral Angiography
(748)
Abstract
(750)
Imaging equipment
(751)
Radiographic contrast
(753)
Imaging technique
(754)
Obtaining vascular access
(755)
Complications of peripheral vascular angiography
(787)
Part IV: Peripheral Artery Disease
(792)
16: The Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease
(793)
Abstract
(795)
Symptoms and measures of peripheral artery disease in epidemiology
(797)
Incidence and prevalence of peripheral artery disease
(803)
Peripheral artery disease risk factors
(810)
Interaction and risk factor comparisons
(824)
Progression of peripheral artery disease
(825)
Co-prevalence of peripheral artery disease and other atherosclerotic disease
(828)
Peripheral artery disease as a predictor of mortality and morbidity
(830)
17: Pathophysiology of Peripheral Artery Disease
(850)
Abstract
(852)
Clinical expressions of peripheral artery disease
(854)
Hemodynamics in peripheral artery disease
(857)
Contributors to limb symptoms in peripheral artery disease: beyond arterial stenosis
(861)
Altered skeletal muscle structure and function in peripheral artery disease
(866)
Summary
(869)
18: Peripheral Artery Disease: Clinical Evaluation
(880)
Abstract
(882)
Patient history
(883)
Critical limb ischemia
(888)
Physical examination
(892)
Diagnostic testing
(896)
Summary
(909)
19: Medical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease
(916)
Abstract
(918)
Interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk and adverse limb events
(923)
Interventions to improve symptoms and function
(948)
Summary and conclusion
(958)
20: Endovascular Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease
(979)
Abstract
(981)
Patient and lesion selection criteria
(983)
Technical and procedural considerations
(987)
Clinical outcomes
(992)
Conclusions
(1004)
21: Reconstructive Surgery for Peripheral Artery Disease
(1014)
Abstract
(1016)
Aortoiliac occlusive disease
(1018)
Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease
(1040)
Part V: Renal Artery Disease
(1075)
22: Pathophysiology of Renal Artery Disease
(1076)
Abstract
(1078)
Epidemiology of renal artery disease
(1081)
Pathophysiologic consequences of renovascular disease
(1082)
Renal artery disease and mortality
(1107)
23: Clinical Evaluation of Renal Artery Disease
(1113)
Abstract
(1115)
Consequences of renal artery stenosis
(1119)
Physical examination
(1123)
Diagnosis of renovascular disease
(1124)
24: Treatment of Renal Artery Disease
(1149)
Abstract
(1151)
Critical functions of the kidney
(1152)
Medical therapy for renal artery disease
(1153)
Fibromuscular dysplasia
(1154)
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
(1157)
Treatment of unusual causes of renal artery stenosis
(1164)
Treatment of renal artery aneurysms
(1165)
Surgical management of atherosclerotic renal artery disease
(1166)
Part VI: Mesenteric Vascular Disease
(1180)
25: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Mesenteric Vascular Disease
(1181)
Abstract
(1183)
Acute arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia
(1184)
Mesenteric artery dissection
(1190)
Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia
(1192)
Mesenteric venous thrombosis
(1196)
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
(1199)
26: Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Mesenteric Vascular Disease
(1206)
Abstract
(1208)
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
(1210)
Acute occlusive mesenteric ischemia
(1234)
Acute nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia
(1243)
Mesenteric venous thrombosis
(1245)
Part VII: Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction
(1254)
27: Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction
(1255)
Abstract
(1257)
Definition and classifications
(1258)
Epidemiology
(1259)
Public health and clinical implications
(1260)
Functional anatomy
(1261)
Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction
(1268)
Evaluation of erectile dysfunction
(1270)
Treatment
(1275)
Longitudnal psychological outcomes
(1280)
Guidelines
(1281)
Part VIII: Cerebrovascular Ischemia
(1291)
28: Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Disease
(1292)
Abstract
(1294)
Overview
(1295)
Stroke risk factors: demographic factors
(1300)
Stroke risk factors: lifestyle
(1302)
Medically treatable risk factors
(1308)
Other risk factors
(1315)
Awareness of Stroke Warning Signs and Acute Treatment
(1319)
The future
(1320)
29: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease
(1344)
Abstract
(1346)
Overview of clinical stroke
(1347)
Clinical manifestations of stroke and cerebrovascular disease
(1348)
Clinical assessment tools
(1361)
Conclusions
(1380)
30: Prevention and Treatment of Stroke
(1393)
Abstract
(1395)
Prehospital and emergency department management of ischemic stroke
(1400)
Acute stroke therapy
(1407)
Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke
(1425)
Primary prevention of ischemic stroke
(1429)
31: Carotid Artery Revascularization
(1452)
Abstract
(1454)
Indications for Carotid Revascularization
(1456)
Preoperative Management
(1458)
Carotid Endarterectomy
(1460)
Carotid Artery Stenting
(1464)
Postoperative Management
(1467)
Outcomes for Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting
(1468)
Transcervical Carotid Stenting with Flow Reversal
(1471)
Management of Postcarotid Endarterectomy Stenosis
(1475)
Part IX: Aortic Dissection
(1481)
32: Pathophysiology, Clinical Evaluation, and Medical Management of Aortic Dissection
(1482)
Abstract
(1484)
Epidemiology
(1485)
Classification
(1486)
Pathogenesis
(1489)
Predisposing Genetic Factors
(1492)
Acquired Disorders
(1499)
Clinical Presentation
(1502)
Laboratory Testing
(1505)
Diagnostic Imaging
(1507)
Differential Diagnosis
(1513)
Initial Medical Treatment (Fig. 32.9)
(1518)
Indications For Intervention (Box 32.5)
(1522)
Prognosis
(1532)
Long-Term Surveillance
(1535)
33: Surgical Therapy for Aortic Dissection
(1552)
Abstract
(1554)
Type a Aortic Dissection
(1559)
Acute Type B Aortic Dissection
(1578)
Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection
(1582)
Future Therapies
(1594)
34: Endovascular Therapy for Aortic Dissection
(1601)
Abstract
(1603)
Branch Vessel Interventions
(1606)
Aortic Interventions
(1613)
Part X: Aortic Aneurysm
(1630)
35: Epidemiology and Prognosis of Aortic Aneurysms
(1631)
Abstract
(1633)
The Normal Aorta
(1634)
Definition Of Aortic Aneurysm
(1637)
Epidemiology And Prognosis Of Aortic Aneurysms
(1641)
Inherited and Developmental Disorders
(1651)
Other Conditions Associated with Aortic Aneurysm
(1654)
36: Clinical Evaluation of Aortic Aneurysms
(1678)
Abstract
(1680)
Clinical history
(1681)
Physical examination
(1684)
Screening of aortic aneurysms
(1688)
Surveillance of aortic aneurysms
(1690)
Diagnostic testing
(1691)
37: Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
(1710)
Abstract
(1712)
Definition
(1714)
Decision-Making for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
(1715)
Rupture risk
(1717)
Expansion rate
(1721)
Elective operative risk
(1723)
Life expectancy
(1727)
Surgical decision-Making
(1728)
Preoperative assessment
(1730)
Surgical treatment
(1732)
Complications of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
(1751)
Functional outcome
(1757)
Long-Term survival
(1758)
38: Endovascular Therapy for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
(1782)
Abstract
(1784)
Indications
(1786)
Anatomic requirements
(1787)
Endograft design
(1795)
Graft placement and postoperative management
(1800)
Problems with endografting and management
(1803)
Outcomes
(1815)
Other considerations
(1819)
Summary
(1825)
Part XI: Vasculitis
(1843)
39: Overview of Vasculitis
(1844)
Abstract
(1846)
Classification of vasculitis
(1850)
Large-vessel vasculitis
(1852)
Medium-vessel vasculitis
(1858)
Small-vessel vasculitis
(1861)
VARIABLE-VESSEL VASCULITIS
(1868)
Evaluation and diagnosis of possible vasculitis
(1873)
Treatment of vasculitis
(1883)
40: Large Vessel Vasculitis
(1895)
Abstract
(1897)
Acknowledgment
(1898)
Takayasu arteritis
(1899)
Giant cell arteritis
(1916)
Isolated idiopathic aortitis
(1936)
41: Medium and Small Vessel Vasculitis
(1953)
Abstract
(1955)
Medium vessel vasculitis
(1956)
Small vessel vasculitis
(1966)
Pauci-immune small vessel vasculitis
(1974)
Immune complex mediated small vessel vasculitis
(1985)
42: Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease)
(2018)
Abstract
(2020)
Epidemiology
(2022)
Etiology and pathogenesis
(2023)
Pathology
(2026)
Clinical presentation
(2031)
Differential diagnosis
(2035)
Diagnosis
(2038)
Prognosis
(2045)
Management
(2046)
Future perspectives
(2055)
43: Kawasaki Disease
(2060)
Abstract
(2062)
Epidemiology
(2064)
Etiology and pathogenesis
(2065)
Pathology
(2067)
Clinical presentation
(2070)
Cardiac manifestations
(2073)
Cardiac testing
(2075)
Clinical course
(2078)
Treatment
(2082)
Coronary revascularization for late stenosis
(2086)
Preventive cardiology
(2088)
Summary
(2089)
Part XII: Acute Limb Ischemia
(2107)
44: Acute Arterial Occlusion
(2108)
Abstract
(2110)
Epidemiology of acute limb ischemia
(2112)
Etiology of acute limb ischemia
(2114)
Pathophysiology of acute limb ischemia
(2121)
Diagnosis of acute limb ischemia
(2124)
Treatment of acute limb ischemia
(2127)
45: Atheroembolism
(2165)
Abstract
(2167)
Pathobiology
(2174)
Etiology
(2175)
Atheroembolic syndromes
(2186)
General treatment measures for atheroembolic disease prevention
(2210)
Conclusions
(2212)
Part XIII: Vasospasm and Other Related Vascular Diseases
(2227)
46: Raynaud Phenomenon
(2228)
Abstract
(2230)
Overview of primary raynaud phenomenon
(2236)
Pathophysiology
(2239)
Secondary Causes of Raynaud Phenomenon
(2247)
Diagnostic tests
(2257)
Treatment
(2263)
47: Acrocyanosis
(2283)
Abstract
(2285)
Epidemiology
(2287)
Etiology
(2288)
Pathophysiology
(2290)
Clinical presentation
(2292)
Diagnosis
(2294)
Histopathology
(2295)
Differential diagnosis
(2296)
Treatment
(2298)
Prognosis
(2300)
48: Erythromelalgia
(2304)
Abstract
(2306)
Definition and historical perspective
(2307)
Nomenclature
(2308)
Criteria for diagnosis
(2309)
Clinical controversies
(2311)
Clinical presentation
(2312)
Diagnosis
(2316)
Classification
(2317)
Incidence
(2320)
Pathophysiology
(2321)
Differential diagnosis
(2326)
Investigations
(2327)
Natural History and Prognosis
(2329)
Management
(2331)
49: Pernio (Chilblains)
(2343)
Abstract
(2345)
Epidemiology
(2349)
Pathophysiology
(2350)
Histopathology
(2353)
Clinical features
(2355)
Diagnosis
(2363)
Treatment
(2365)
Part XIV: Venous Thromboembolic Disease
(2372)
50: Epidemiology of Venous Thromboembolic Disease
(2373)
Abstract
(2375)
Incidence and clinical relevance of venous thromboembolism
(2376)
Secular trends in incidence of venous thromboembolism
(2377)
Risk factors for venous thromboembolism
(2380)
Classification of venous thromboembolism
(2383)
Incidental venous thromboembolism
(2385)
Conclusion
(2386)
51: Clinical Evaluation of Venous Thromboembolism
(2391)
Abstract
(2393)
Clinical Presentation
(2394)
Diagnosis
(2398)
Diagnosis in Pregnancy
(2416)
Risk Stratification
(2418)
Adjunctive Clinical Evaluation for Etiology of Venous Thromboembolism
(2424)
52: Management of Venous Thromboembolism
(2436)
Abstract
(2438)
Pathophysiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
(2441)
Anticoagulation
(2446)
Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism and Optimal Duration of Anticoagulation
(2459)
Advanced Management of Venous Thromboembolism: When Anticoagulation Alone May Not or Will Not Suffice
(2462)
Strategies for Managing Acute Venous Thromboembolism
(2471)
The Multitude of Challenges in Managing Venous Thrombosis
(2475)
A Look Into the Future
(2477)
Part XV: Chronic Venous Disorders
(2494)
53: Varicose Veins
(2495)
Abstract
(2497)
Epidemiology
(2498)
Anatomy
(2499)
Pathogenesis
(2504)
Clinical manifestations
(2506)
Physical examination
(2508)
Imaging and physiological testing
(2513)
Management
(2515)
Management of incompetent perforator veins
(2535)
Management of telangiectasia/reticular veins
(2538)
Follow-up and prognosis
(2540)
54: Chronic Venous Insufficiency
(2552)
Abstract
(2554)
Anatomy
(2557)
Etiology
(2560)
Pathophysiology
(2561)
Diagnosis
(2564)
Treatment
(2577)
Conclusions
(2595)
Part XVI: Pulmonary Hypertension
(2614)
55: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
(2615)
Abstract
(2617)
Definition and classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension
(2618)
Epidemiology
(2620)
Cellular pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension
(2621)
Molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension
(2627)
Clinical pathophysiology
(2656)
Treatment
(2668)
Conclusions
(2682)
56: Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Nonpulmonary Arterial Hypertension
(2709)
Abstract
(2711)
Overview of pulmonary hypertension
(2712)
Pulmonary venous hypertension
(2719)
Pulmonary hypertension under conditions of hypoxemia
(2726)
Pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary thromboembolic disease
(2730)
Pulmonary hypertension and hemoglobinopathies
(2736)
Other secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension
(2741)
Part XVII: Lymphatic Disorders
(2756)
57: Diseases of the Lymphatic Circulation
(2757)
Abstract
(2759)
Anatomy of the lymphatic circulation
(2761)
Physiology of the lymphatic circulation
(2765)
Lymphatic insufficiency (Lymphedema)
(2768)
Diseases of the lymphatic vasculature
(2793)
Part XVIII: Miscellaneous
(2810)
58: Fibromuscular Dysplasia
(2811)
Abstract
(2813)
Historical perspective
(2815)
Classification
(2816)
Epidemiology
(2820)
Genetics and etiology
(2822)
Clinical presentation and vascular manifestations
(2825)
Diagnostic evaluation of fibromuscular dysplasia
(2845)
Imaging studies for diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia
(2849)
Management of fibromuscular dysplasia
(2853)
Endovascular therapy for fibromuscular dysplasia
(2858)
Surgery for fibromuscular dysplasia
(2862)
Follow-up and prognosis
(2863)
59: Vascular Infections
(2882)
Abstract
(2884)
Primary arterial infections
(2886)
Secondary arterial infections
(2897)
Diagnostic Tests to Aid the Diagnosis of Arterial Infections
(2906)
Management of Primary and Secondary Arterial Infections
(2915)
Suppurative thrombophlebitis
(2933)
Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis
(2937)
Conclusions
(2938)
60: Dermatological Manifestations of Vascular Disease
(2952)
Abstract
(2954)
Peripheral artery disease
(2956)
Vasomotor diseases
(2961)
Acrocyanosis
(2969)
Erythromelalgia
(2973)
Pernio/chilblains disease
(2977)
Livedo reticularis
(2982)
Hybrid vasomotor disease
(2986)
Chronic venous insufficiency
(2989)
Lymphedema
(3003)
61: Lower Extremity Ulceration
(3019)
Abstract
(3021)
Biomechanics of walking and ulcer formation
(3025)
Pathophysiology of ulcer formation
(3028)
Assessment of the patient with a lower extremity ulcer
(3037)
Management of ulcers
(3045)
Summary
(3051)
62: Vascular Trauma
(3061)
Abstract
(3063)
Initial evaluation
(3066)
Types of vessel injury
(3067)
Mechanism: Penetrating vs. Blunt trauma
(3069)
Signs of vascular injury
(3070)
Neck vascular trauma
(3072)
Specific NECK VASCULAR injuries
(3074)
Thoracic vascular trauma
(3076)
Specific THORACIC VASCULAR injuries
(3078)
Abdominal vascular trauma
(3084)
Specific ABDOMINAL VASCULAR injuries
(3087)
Extremity vascular trauma
(3095)
Specific EXTREMITY VASCULAR injuries
(3096)
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
(3099)
Compartment Syndrome
(3100)
Iatrogenic Vascular Injury
(3102)
Pediatric Vascular Trauma
(3104)
63: Vascular Compression Syndromes
(3112)
Abstract
(3114)
Thoracic outlet syndrome
(3115)
Axillary artery compression syndrome
(3124)
Median arcuate ligament syndrome
(3125)
Nutcracker syndrome
(3129)
May-thurner syndrome
(3133)
Popliteal entrapment syndrome
(3136)
Cystic adventitial disease
(3140)
64: Peripheral Vascular Anomalies, Malformations, and Vascular Tumors
(3158)
Abstract
(3160)
Proliferative vascular anomalies and tumors
(3163)
Vascular malformations
(3178)
Syndromic vascular anomalies
(3190)
Treatment of vascular malformations (also see Table 64.3)
(3195)
Prenatal diagnosis of vascular anomalies
(3198)
Clinical issues (see also Table 64.4)
(3199)
Index
(3222)
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